How New Graduate School Loan Limits Will Impact Colleges

Starting in July 2026, hundreds of thousands of graduate students will face a new reality: strict federal borrowing caps that will cut off billions of dollars in student loan funding at colleges and universities across the country.

A new institution-level analysis from the Postsecondary Education & Economics Research (PEER) Center offers the most detailed picture yet of how the graduate loan limits in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) will land at specific schools, in specific states, and across specific programs. The findings reveal that the effects will be far from uniform. Some institutions will barely feel the change. Others will see more than half of their graduate borrowers lose access to federal loans they currently rely on.

Under current policy, graduate students can borrow up to $20,500 per year in unsubsidized federal loans, plus additional amounts through the Graduate PLUS program up to the full cost of attendance. The OBBBA eliminates the Graduate PLUS loan program entirely for new borrowers and sets annual caps at $50,000 for professional programs (such as law and medicine) and $20,500 for all other graduate programs. 

The law also introduces lifetime borrowing limits of $200,000 for professional students and $100,000 for other graduate students.

State-by-State Effects Vary Widely

The PEER Center analysis, built on data from the Department of Education’s Office of the Chief Economist covering academic years 2020 through 2023, reveals dramatic state-level differences.

California, Oregon, New York, Nevada, and Vermont, along with Washington, D.C., each have at least 40% of their graduate borrowers currently taking on loans above the new limits. California alone has nearly 118,000 graduate borrowers per year, with 42% exceeding the caps. New York, with about 77,000 annual graduate borrowers, matches that 42% figure. Washington, D.C., sits at 45%.

At the other end of the spectrum, Arizona (15%), Delaware (7%), New Hampshire (7%), and Utah (12%) have far smaller shares of borrowers above the new limits. The variation reflects differences in the types of graduate programs available in each state, the mix of public and private institutions, and regional cost-of-living factors that influence tuition and fees.

In dollar terms, California stands to see roughly $1.37 billion in annual graduate loan volume above the new caps, followed by New York at $925 million and Illinois at $590 million. Even smaller states like Maine and Vermont, where the total number of borrowers is modest, will see high percentages of their students affected.

Professional Programs Face The Steepest Cuts

Programs in medicine, law, and dentistry qualify for the higher $50,000 annual cap under the OBBBA. But current borrowing in these fields is so high that they still rank among the most affected by total loan volume cut off.

In medicine, 58% of borrowers exceed the new limits, with about $1 billion in annual loan volume above the cap. Osteopathic medicine programs are even more affected: 76% of borrowers exceed the limits, with $599 million in loan volume above the caps. Law programs see 33% of borrowers above the limits, and dentistry programs reach 79%.

Among non-professional graduate programs, physical therapy (63% of borrowers above the limits) and physician assistant programs (72%) stand out. Both fields have been the subject of debate over whether they should qualify for the higher professional loan limits, and the data shows why: combined, these two fields account for more than $1.1 billion in annual loan volume above the caps.

MBA programs present a different pattern. Only 18% of students exceed the limits, but the sheer volume of MBA enrollees means the field ranks in the top 10 most affected by total dollars. Social work programs tell a similar story, with 26% of borrowers above the limits and $281 million in excess loan volume.

Foreign Medical Schools: Under-Discussed Impact

One of the less-discussed effects of the OBBBA caps involves foreign medical schools, which are among the largest consumers of Graduate PLUS loans today. St. George’s University received the second-highest amount of Grad PLUS disbursements of any school in the federal Direct Loan program in the 2024-25 award year, at $313 million. Ross University School of Medicine ranked sixth, with more than $185 million.

Under the new limits, these two schools’ medicine programs are the single most affected programs in the entire PEER Center analysis, across all fields and institution types. St. George’s has 81% of borrowers above the limits and stands to lose roughly $169 million in annual federal loan volume. That is more than double the loan volume at the next-most-affected professional programs (dentistry at Midwestern University and New York University).

These foreign medical schools often have lower admissions standards than U.S. medical schools but leave graduates struggling to secure residencies and find jobs. The OBBBA caps may effectively redirect federal loan dollars away from these programs.

What This Means For Students And Families

For prospective graduate students and their families, these new caps will force difficult calculations. A student planning to attend a physical therapy program where 63% of current borrowers exceed the new limits will need to identify alternative funding sources, whether through private student loans, employer tuition assistance, savings, or simply not enrolling.

The challenge is especially difficult for borrowers with limited credit history. Earlier research from the PEER Center and the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia found that about 38% of graduate borrowers whose loans exceed the new limits have either low credit scores or thin credit history. These students are unlikely to qualify for private loans without a cosigner, which they may not have access to.

Students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities face particular concerns. Overall, HBCUs have about the same share of borrowers above the limits (30%) as non-HBCU institutions (29%). But at specific schools, the numbers are much higher. Howard University has 68% of its graduate borrowers above the limits. Meharry Medical College and Tuskegee University are both at 68-69%. These are institutions where graduate and professional students are much more likely to borrow in the first place, according to federal survey data.

What To Do Next

The PEER Center has released its full dataset and a Graduate Loan Limits Explorer tool at peer-center.org, allowing students, families, and institutional leaders to look up specific schools and programs. With the new caps taking effect in just a few months for new borrowers, the time to plan is now.

Here are steps to consider:

• Check your specific program. Use the PEER Center’s explorer tool to see how your school and field of study are affected. The share of borrowers above the limits varies enormously by institution and program.
• Assess your private graduate student loan borrowing options. If your program is likely to be affected, check your credit score and explore private loan options now. If you have limited credit history, identify a potential cosigner early.
• Consider program alternatives. If you’re still deciding where to attend, compare the borrowing profiles of programs in your field. A school where a smaller share of students exceeds the limits may leave you less exposed to funding gaps.
• Watch for any law changes. Lawmakers have proposed legislation to expand the definition of professional degrees (which have the higher $50,000 cap), but this is still pending.

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